History, Importance And Scope Of Enzymes
History Of Enzymes
In the late 1700s 1
Biological catalysis was first recognized and described in studies on the digestion of meat by secretions of the stomach, and research continued in the 1800s with examinations of The conversion of starch to sugar by saliva and various plant extracts.
In 1833 2
The active agent breaking down the sugar was partially isolated and given the name diastase (now known as amylase).
Diastase was the first enzyme discovered. It was extracted from malt solution in 1833 by Payne and Persoz chemists at a French sugar factory.
In 1833 3
The same year, Horace de Saussure prepared a substance from germinating wheat which acted like diastase, i.e., converted starch into sugar.
In 1836 4
Berzelius coined the term catalysis (Greek : to dissolve).
In the 1850s 5
Louis Pasteur concluded that the fermentation of sugar into alcohol by yeast is catalyzed by "ferments." He postulated that these ferments were inseparable from the structure of living yeast cells.
In 1878 6
The term ferment was gradually replaced by the name enzyme. This was first proposed by Wilhelm Kuhne comes from the Greek, enzume meaning 'in yeast'.
Kuhne used the word enzyme (Greek : in yeast) to indicate the catalysis taking place in the biological systems.
In 1883-1897 7
Isolation of enzyme system from cell-free extract of yeast was achieved by Buchner.
He named the active principle as zymase (later found to contain a mixture of enzymes), which could convert sugar to alcohol.
Eduard Buchner discovered that yeast extracts could ferment sugar to alcohol, proving that fermentation was promoted by molecules that continued to function when removed from cells.
Note : ferments inseperable said by pasture and fermentation done when ferments removed from cells by Buchner (point number 3 and 5 )
Frederick W. Kuhne called these molecules enzymes.
In 1894 8
Lock and key model to describe the binding process between substrate and enzyme was first proposed by Emil Fisher.
In 1913 9
Michaelis-Menten model of enzyme kinetics from 1913
In 1926 10
James Sumner first achieved the isolation and crystallization of the enzyme urease from jack bean and identified it as a protein.
In 1930 11
John H. Northrop crystallized pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin.
In 1951 12
Sanger determined the amino acid sequence of insulin.
In 1958 13
The induced-fit model was first proposed by Koshland to explain the protein conformational changes in the binding process.
In 1958-1960 14
The first structures of proteins were solved by John Kendrew and Max Perutz
In 1965 15
Determination of structures of lysozyme by David Phillips.
Other historical points
(1936) Trypsin from beef pancreas by John H. Northrop and Kunitz
(1937) Catalase from beef liver by Sumner and Dounce
(1940) RNase from beef pancreas by Kunitz
(1946) Pepsin from swine stomach by John H. Northrop
(1950) DNase from beef pancreas by Kunitz
Importance and Scope of enzyme
- ↪️The existence of life is unimaginable without the presence of enzymes—the biocatalysts.
- ↪️Enzymes are central to every biochemical process.
- ↪️Enzymes play an important role in Metabolism, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics.
- ↪️All biochemical reactions are enzyme catalyzed in the living organism.
- ↪️Level of enzyme in blood are of diagnostic importance.
- ↪️Enzyme can be used therapeutically such as digestive enzymes, Antiinflammatory enzyme, enzyme in cancer therapy
- ↪️Enzyme catalyze the hundreds of stepwise reaction that
- ↪️Through the action of regulatory enzymes, metabolic pathways are highly coordinated to maintain proper function among the many activities necessary to sustain life.
- ↪️Measurements of the activities of enzymes in blood plasma, erythrocytes, or tissue samples are im portant in diagnosing certain illnesses.
- ↪️Many drugs exert their biological effects through interactions with enzymes.
- ↪️Enzymes are important practical tools not only in medicine but in the chemical industry, food processing and agricultural.
- ↪️Diagnostic importance of enzymes
Generally, these enzyme activities are higher in plasma than in the tissues. They are mostly synthesized in the liver and enter the circulation
Example : lipoprotein lipase, plasmin, thrombin, choline esterase, ceruloplasmin etc.
Non-plasma specific or plasma non-functional enzymes
Estimation of the activities of non-plasma specific enzymes is very important for the diagnosis and prognosis of several diseases.- ↪️Enzymes acts as catalytical agent and analytical reagent.
For example :
Enzyme as analytical agent
Estimation of plasma glucose by glucose oxidase and peroxidase method
Enzymes acts as catalytical agent
Glucose oxidase and peroxidase, immobilized and coated on a strip of paper, are used in the clinical laboratory for the detection of glucose in urine
- ↪️Enzymes play an important role in genetic engineering and industrial application
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